| Course Topics |
| 1. Introduction to electromagnetic transients in power systems and simulations. |
• Local oscillation of lumped L-C elements
• Travelling waves in lines, cables and bus bars
• Damping of transients due to system resistance
• Building the power system model |
| 2. Introduction to PSCAD: Important component models and features, and developing simulation cases. |
| • Tutorial - Creating a small simulation case using PSCAD |
− Building the power system
− Data entry
− Results, graphs, plots, and meters
−EnergyInteractive control features of PSCAD (sliders, push buttons, dials and switches) |
| 3. Development of an AC system model suitable for: |
• Temporary over voltage studies
• Switching over voltage studies
• Network resonance
• Representation of power system elements such as lines and cables, transformers, and shunt devices
• Representation of surge arresters
• Network equivalences
• Model validation
• Discussion of prior outage and contingency conditions
• ‘Multiple run’ feature of PSCAD parametric studies |
| 4. Network frequency scan studies. |
| 5. Overhead and cable transmission line constants |
| • Frequency dependant line models |
| 6. AC switching transients |
| 7. Transformers |
• Saturation
• High frequency representation |
| 8. Surge arrester |
• Non liner characteristics, voltage and energy ratings
• High frequency representation |
| 9. Temporary over voltage studies including network resonance |
• Ferranti effect
• Transformer energizing
• Faults |
| 10. Switching frequency over voltage studies |
• Parametric studies to identify worst case
• Determination of surge arrester ratings from a switching surge perspective |
| 11. Breaker TRV studies |
| • Tutorial - Transient recovery voltage across breakers |
− Determination of station stray capacitance values and representation in the study over voltages
− IEEE breaker capability curves and applicable international standards
− Fault level, fault type and duration
− Mitigation methods |
| 12. Capacitor bank switching considerations |
| • Tutorial – Capacitor bank switching including breaker re-strikes |
–Arrester Energy rating
− Over Voltages
− Resonance issues
− Mitigation methods |
| 13. Development of a simulation model to study lightning induced over voltages |
• Representation of transmission lines, towers and insulators
• Representation of the lightning surge
• Representation of surge arresters
• Representation of substation bus bars and equipment (including transformers)
• Representation of bushing and stray capacitances
• Implementing the flash over mechanism based on insulator ‘striking distance’ |
| 14. Lightning induced over voltage studies |
• Direct lightning strikes
• Tutorial - Over voltage at a substation transformer terminal due to a lightning strike
|
− Determination of station stray capacitance values and representation in the study over
− Representing stray capacitances
− Representing arresters
− Representing bus-bars
− Representing long lines
− Positioning of arresters
− Statistical analysis |
• Back Flashover
• Tutorial - Modeling a back-flashover event |
− Effect of tower footing resistance
− Modeling the structure of the transmission tower to represent travelling surges representing stray capacitances |
| 15. Arc models and breaker actions |
| • Breaker close |
| − "Statistical breaker close” component and example |
| • Breaker open |
− "breaker arc” component and example
− "reignition” component and example
− Breaker restrike |
| • Fault arc |
| − "fault arc” component and example |
| • Electric arc furnace |
| − "EAF” component and example |
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